Potential answers for "It's removed by stripping"

⭐⭐⭐⭐ PAINT
⭐⭐ DISROBING
⭐⭐ PARER
⭐⭐ SEALS
⭐⭐ HUSKING
⭐ DELED
⭐ PULP
⭐ TONSIL
⭐ ERRORS

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