Potential answers for "Strips (of)"

⭐⭐⭐⭐ DIVESTS
⭐⭐⭐⭐ DENUDES
⭐ BATTENS
⭐ RASHER
⭐ SLATS
⭐ SHRED
⭐ PEELS
⭐ RASHERS
⭐ ALA
⭐ RUNWAYS

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