Potential answers for "Like a stripped-back recording, briefly"
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LOFI | 
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STARKNAKED | 
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RETRO | 
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DAT | 
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RESTORED | 
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TREBLY | 
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REDUB | 
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GEARS | 
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DENUDED | 
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Many a frat party Org. with a "meatball" insignia Sine's reciprocal, in trig.
